In order to increase stamina with citric acid cycle food acids, doses of a few grams to several grams are required. The compounds are water soluble and, therefore, are excreted rapidly from the body. In our personal experiments, we have taken them every three or four hours for the duration of the athletic performance.
» Hydergine® (Sandoz) is a prescription drug which is effective in slowing down some of the aging processes in the brain . For athletic performance, Hydergine®’s ability to stabilize the brain’s energy metabolism is relevant. In one series of experiments, blood was withdrawn from anesthetized cats, reducing cerebral blood flow to a critical level; EEG (brain wave) energy values were reduced by 50 percent within 15 minutes.
However, in cats which had been pretreated with Hydergine®, EEG energy was maintained at a normal level for 45 minutes despite the withdrawn
blood. Admittedly, in athletics you aren’t likely to lose much blood, but after long fatiguing effort the oxygen available to your brain will be diminished due to muscular demand. Hydergine® can maintain normal brain energy levels during these stresses, probably resulting in better judgement and superior neuromuscular control. In our experiments, it seems excellent for mountain climbing or any other athletics at high
altitudes (where there is low oxygen availability).
Acetylcholine is a neuromuscular messenger (enables nerves to communicate with muscle cells) and a neurotransmitter (it carries messages between nerves). This chemical is required for muscular control and proper muscle tone. Both lecithin, which contains phosphatidyl choline, and choline can be used by the body to make acetylcholine. Vitamin B-5 (pantothenate) is required for this conversion. Deaner® (Riker), a prescription drug, increases acetylcholine levels in the brain, where the regulation of movement takes place.
Vasopressin is a hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland of the brain. Also called antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin has several known functions, including the retention of fluids in the body (antidiuretic effect) and pressor effects (blood pressure increases at hundreds of times the antidiuretic dose), as well as causing contraction of smooth muscle such as intestine and uterine walls and blood vessel walls. In addition, vasopressin has beneficial effects on memory and learning in humans. It increases performance in tests requiring attention, fast reactions, precise visual discrimination, coordination, concentration, and focus. Therefore, we expect it to be of value to athletes.
The effective memory-improving dose is 16 I.U. per day, well below the maximum frequently used antidiuretic dose and far below the pressor (blood pressure increasing) dose. It may be obtained as a convenient nasal spray called Diapid®, a prescription drug made by Sandoz. Possible overdose side effects include brief headaches, pallor, and intestinal cramps, and it sometimes stimulates angina pains in patients with angina pectoris.
CAUTION: People with angina should avoid the use of vasopressin.
- Growth hormone (GH) is released by the pituitary gland in the brain in response to exercise, fasting, hypoglycemia, sleep, trauma, dopaminergic stimulants, and other factors. It has many functions, including maintaining the immune system, stimulating muscle growth, and burning fat. Exercise in which there is briefly sustained muscular peak output releases growth hormone; exercise at less than peak effort, even when prolonged, releases little or no GH.
- Recent evidence (from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging) indicates that growth hormone release in response to exercise ceases by the age of 30 or so, however, although GH release in response to
other factors continues. Jogging usually involves less than peak output and, therefore, usually results in no release of GH. As noted in earlier, some recent research has found higher HDL levels in runners. - HDL (high density lipoprotein) is a fraction of fat-protein compounds in the blood that provides a reduction of risk of heart attacks. However, the studies have not compared the HDL levels before subjects began running to HDL levels after becoming runners. It is possible that runners may have a high HDL to begin with; we do
know that runners tend to be highly educated, well nourished, health-oriented, lean nonsmokers, who are generally free of disorders such as hypertension. Since lazy obese people rarely choose to become marathon runners, some of thes apparently pro-running results may be caused by subject selection bias.
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