Jupiter had Prometheus chained to a rock on Mount
Caucasus, where a vulture preyed on his liver, which was
renewed as fast as devoured.
—Greek mythology
The blueprints for every part of our body are stored on our DNA. We each developed from a fertilized egg that slowly unfolded to the complex beings we now are. The program for this development is still latent in the DNA of our cells. If we knew how to fully access this program, we could regrow a leg or any other body part. Regeneration, or the growth of new cells, tissues, organs, or limbs upon loss of the old ones, is an ability scientists have recently been learning a lot about. Scientists can now bring about partial regeneration of lost limbs in adult rats.
Using the same principles in humans, they can make broken bones heal in 80 percent of fractures that have resisted all other attempts at healing for months or even years. These techniques will be available to you in the very
near future. The Bristol-Myers Company has already applied for FDA permission to market an electrical regeneration bone fracture healing device for implantation in humans. Dr. Bassett of Columbia University has already obtained FDA permission for limited marketing of his externally applied bone fracture healing electromagnetic pulse regenerator for human use.
Well-known ‘examples of regeneration are the ability of salamanders to grow a new tail or leg after amputation and of some lizards and snakes to regrow lost tails. What is less well known is that humans have a limited capacity for regeneration. Children under ten years of age who lose the tip of a finger (above the first joint) often regrow a new one; adults
cannot do this. Children who lose a permanent tooth while they still have some baby teeth will sometimes grow a second permanent tooth in place of the first one they lost.
Many children who have their tonsils removed may partially or entirely grow new tonsils. A child whose spleen is removed may grow several mini-spleens to replace it. These regenerative capabilities are mostly lost by adulthood. Adults can regenerate parts of some organs; for example, skin and liver.
Growth of limbs and other parts of the body develop according to the instructions of a DNA developmental program. An embryo begins as a single cell and grows by cell division. The cells divide synchronously, following the DNA blueprint. Up to the embryonic stage in which eight cells exist in a ball (after three cell-doubling divisions), each cell, if separated and
allowed to continue dividing, can develop into an entire and normal animal—as happens in the case of identical twins. After this stage, the cells have been changed (differentiated) so that they are more specialized, destined to become a particular tissue type (nerve, muscle, skin, etc.) and can no longer become a whole organism. The developmental program involves a series of differentiations so that cells are eventually
highly specialized for a particular function.
The discovery of control mechanisms for this process of differentiation is considered an extremely important area of research. Since each body cell begins with the same DNA as every other cell, they all have the potential to become any type of tissue, but normally this does not happen because of
controls stemming from the genetic (DNA) apparatus. Once a cell has become differentiated into, say, a liver cell, it does not normally turn into another type of cell. Some cells, such as muscle cells, do not normally undergo further division, but others, such as skin, divide to form other cells continuously. These latter normally remain differentiated as skin cells.
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