Recently a new drug was added to the pharmacopoeia of memory-improving drugs: vasopressin. Vasopressin is a natural pituitary-gland hormone which is best known for its regulation of urine volume. It is approved by the FDA for treating diabetes insipidus, a condition of frequent urination (not related to insulin-sugar diabetes) caused by inadequate
quantities of vasopressin. A dose of hundreds of units of vasopressin injected intravenously can increase blood pressure. In doses of 16 units a day, vasopressin was found to significantly improve memory and learning in men in their 50s and 60s without any effect upon blood pressure or urine volume. The vasopressin was administered as a nasal spray (Diapid®, made
by Sandoz); the dose of 16 I.U. was equivalent to about one spray in each nostril four times a day. We ourselves take daily doses of Diapid® totaling about 40 to 80 I.U. Vasopressin nasal spray has been used to restore memory in amnesia victims (within hours or days). A young nurse, whom we have mentioned elsewhere, had been i n a serious automobile accident about six months before and had suffered head injuries resulting in amnesia, retaining little or no memory of the events that occurred a few months before and after the accident. Within a few seconds of taking a single spray of vasopressin up each nostril, she said, “I can feel a fog lifting in my mind.”
CAUTION: In patients with angina, use of even small amounts of vasopressin may stimulate angina pains; therefore, its use should be restricted in such cases, even though the clinical literature generally considers these effects to be harmless. Otherwise, there are no contraindications to the use of vasopressin when used at the levels discussed. Caution should be exercised not to “snort” it vigorously, since it can then reach your larynx in a dose large enough to cause laryngeal spasm; this has been reported. Occasionally intestinal cramping or ‘nasal irritation may occur. Diapid® is not approved by FDA for use as a memory- and intelligence-increasing drug, but only for the treatment of diabetes insipidus.
Vasopressin is released by the pituitary gland during trauma (or even in anticipation of severe trauma) and hemorrhage. The dramatic experience that accident victims sometimes report, that “my life flashed before my eyes,” may be due to the effects of vasopressin. Vasopressin is also released
by the popular drugs LSD, amphetamine, Ritalin®, magnesium pemoline, and cocaine. However, after regular use of cocaine or these other stimulant drugs, vasopressin and NE supplies are depleted, which results in depression. This does not happen with Diapid® because it actually is vasopressin, not merely a drug which speeds up its release and destruction. Alcohol and marijuana inhibit vasopressin release, which may explain at least in part why people have memory difficulties when using these drugs. Diapid® will significantly reduce the deleterious effects of alcohol on reaction time and attention. Drinking and driving can still remain lethal, but we would rather encounter a driver on the road who has used
both Diapid® and alcohol than one who has had alcohol alone. The orgasm-dulling effects of alcohol are also ameliorated with Diapid®.
One of the effects of aging on the brain that has been most extensively investigated is the accumulation of aging pigment in nerve cells. The pigment called lipofuscin is a cellular waste product made up of cross-linked proteins and peroxidized fats. Lipofuscin pigment also collects in skin cells, where it is often called “aging spots” or “liver spots.” Although it has not yet been unequivocally proved that lipofuscin causes damage to nerve cells in which it is found, it is generally thought by biological
gerontologists that the presence of this material (up to 75 percent or so of the cell volume may be taken up by lipofuscin in old age) leads to seriously disrupted cell function.
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