course and magnitude of a hypothetical adaptive increase in enzyme activity are
illustrated. For the sake of convenience, identical basal levels of activity are indicated
for each age; changes in magnitude are presented as decreases; and changes in time
course are presented as delays.
The production of slightly different versions of enzymes and hormones might also lead to autoimmune disease, since the immune system might identify some of these versions as foreign proteins and subsequently launch a self-destructive attack on the body’s own cells which produce them. Dr. W.
Donner Denckla thinks that part of the death genes’ process is the production in older animals of “fake” versions of growth hormone and thyroid hormone (and perhaps others) by the pituitary gland. In his experiments, old rats (but not young rats) with their pituitaries removed show a greater physiological response to administered growth or thyroid hormones than when they still have their pituitary gland. This supports his
notion that the old pituitary gland decreases the effectiveness of the mentioned hormones.
The degenerative diseases of aging (such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, and arthritis) reflect the fact that various systems in our bodies age at different rates, so that we may be in pretty good condition in general but be in serious trouble due to one particularly degraded system. All the body’s systems are subject to aging damage via each of the different mechanisms of aging, but the resulting overall aging rates may vary markedly due to differences in structure, repair and protective capabilities, and exposure to sources of damage.
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